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It is the lightest element and, at standard conditions, is a gas of diatomic molecules with the formula H 2, sometimes called dihydrogen, [11] hydrogen gas, molecular hydrogen, or simply hydrogen. It is colorless, odorless, [ 12 ] non-toxic, and highly combustible .
Natural hydrogen (known as white hydrogen, geologic hydrogen, [1] geogenic hydrogen, [2] or gold hydrogen) is molecular hydrogen present on Earth that is formed by natural processes [3] [4] (as opposed to hydrogen produced in a laboratory or in industry).
Hydrogen compounds are compounds containing the element hydrogen. In these compounds, hydrogen can form in the +1 and -1 oxidation states. Hydrogen can form compounds both ionically and in covalent substances. It is a part of many organic compounds such as hydrocarbons as well as water and other organic substances.
A large fraction of the chemical elements that occur naturally on the Earth's surface are essential to the structure and metabolism of living things. Four of these elements (hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) are essential to every living thing and collectively make up 99% of the mass of protoplasm. [1]
For thousands of years they have been exploited and used for a vast range of purposes. [12] Petroleum (lit. ' rock oil ') and coal are generally thought to be products of decomposition of organic matter. Coal, in contrast to petroleum, is richer in carbon and poorer in hydrogen. Natural gas is the product of methanogenesis. [13] [14]
Nearly all deuterium found in nature was produced in the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago, as the basic or primordial ratio of 2 H to 1 H (≈26 atoms of deuterium per 10 6 hydrogen atoms) has its origin from that time. This is the ratio found in the gas giant planets, such as Jupiter.
Hydrogen technologies are applicable for many uses. Some hydrogen technologies are carbon neutral and could have a role in preventing climate change and a possible future hydrogen economy . Hydrogen is a chemical widely used in various applications including ammonia production, oil refining and energy. [ 1 ]
Hydrogen is the only element whose isotopes have different names that remain in common use today: 2 H is deuterium [6] and 3 H is tritium. [7] The symbols D and T are sometimes used for deuterium and tritium; IUPAC ( International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ) accepts said symbols, but recommends the standard isotopic symbols 2 H and 3 ...