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Ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM, F-RAM or FRAM) is a random-access memory similar in construction to DRAM but using a ferroelectric layer instead of a dielectric layer to achieve non-volatility. FeRAM is one of a growing number of alternative non-volatile random-access memory technologies that offer the same functionality as flash memory .
From version 1.60, the program can output a list of bad RAM regions in the format expected by the BadRAM patch for the Linux kernel [13] (similar to MemTest86 2.3). The BIOS-based line of Memtest86+ entered a stall after the release of version 5.01 (September 2013).
To refresh one row of the memory array using RAS only refresh (ROR), the following steps must occur: The row address of the row to be refreshed must be applied at the address input pins. RAS must switch from high to low. CAS must remain high. At the end of the required amount of time, RAS must return high.
Non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM) is random-access memory that retains data without applied power. This is in contrast to dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) and static random-access memory (SRAM), which both maintain data only for as long as power is applied, or forms of sequential-access memory such as magnetic tape, which cannot be randomly accessed but which retains data ...
The time to read the first bit of memory from a DRAM without an active row is T RCD + CL. Row Precharge Time T RP: The minimum number of clock cycles required between issuing the precharge command and opening the next row. The time to read the first bit of memory from a DRAM with the wrong row open is T RP + T RCD + CL. Row Active Time T RAS
The maximum random access memory (RAM) installed in any computer system is limited by hardware, software and economic factors. The hardware may have a limited number of address bus bits, limited by the processor package or design of the system. Some of the address space may be shared between RAM, peripherals, and read-only memory.
A large part of this was occupied by the BIOS and the video card, resulting in only 640 kB of contiguous addressable RAM being available. The memory requirement of many applications soon surpassed this figure. One method of overcoming the limitation was by the use of bank-switched RAM. A number of banks of RAM are provided, but are not ...
One technique used on early IBM XT computers was to install additional RAM into the video memory address range and push the limit up to the start of the Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA). Sometimes software or a custom address decoder was required for this to work. This moved the barrier to 704 KB (with MDA/HGC) or 736 KB (with CGA). [6] [7]