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This is one step down from full vocalization, where the vowel after the q would also be indicated by a fatḥah: قَلْب. The Qurʾān is traditionally written in full vocalization. The long i sound in some editions of the Qur’ān is written with a kasrah followed by a diacritic-less y, and long u by a ḍammah followed by a bare w.
The literal meaning of تَشْكِيل tashkīl is 'formation'. As the normal Arabic text does not provide enough information about the correct pronunciation, the main purpose of tashkīl (and ḥarakāt) is to provide a phonetic guide or a phonetic aid; i.e. show the correct pronunciation for children who are learning to read or foreign learners.
The history of Quranic recitation is tied to the history of qira'at, as each reciter had their own set of tajwid rules, with much overlap between them.. Abu Ubaid al-Qasim bin Salam (774–838 CE) was the first to develop a recorded science for tajwid, giving the rules of tajwid names and putting it into writing in his book called al-Qiraat.
Variations among Qira'at mostly involve harakat. Early manuscripts of the Quran did not use diacritics either for vowels or to distinguish the different values of the rasm (I‘jām ') [see the graphic to the right], -- or at least used them "only sporadically and insufficiently to create a completely unambiguous text". [10]
The hamza (Arabic: هَمْزَة hamza) ( ء ) is an Arabic script character that, in the Arabic alphabet, denotes a glottal stop and, in non-Arabic languages, indicates a diphthong, vowel, or other features, depending on the language.
Arabic Full Stop Urdu U+06D5 ە Arabic Letter Ae Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz U+06D6 ۖ Arabic Small High Ligature Sad With Lam With Alef Maksura U+06D7 ۗ Arabic Small High Ligature Qaf With Lam With Alef Maksura U+06D8 ۘ Arabic Small High Meem Initial Form U+06D9 ۙ Arabic Small High Lam Alef U+06DA ۚ
Modern Standard Arabic is also spoken by people of Arab descent outside the Arab world when people of Arab descent speaking different dialects communicate to each other. As there is a prestige or standard dialect of vernacular Arabic, speakers of standard colloquial dialects code-switch between these particular dialects and MSA. [citation needed]
While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in phonology, contemporary spoken Arabic is more properly described as a continuum of varieties. [1] This article deals primarily with Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), which is the standard variety shared by educated speakers throughout Arabic-speaking regions.