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After graduating from high school, he attended to Universitas Nasional and became a chairman of Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam. [1] After he obtained a baccalaureate , he continued to Cornell University and became the first Indonesian that obtained Ph.D. degree in political science through a dissertation titled The Modernist Muslim Movement in ...
Esposito and DeLong-Bas distinguish four attitudes toward Islam and democracy prominent among Muslims today: [35] Advocacy of democratic ideas, often accompanied by a belief that they are compatible with Islam, which can play a public role within a democratic system, as exemplified by many protestors who took part in the Arab Spring uprisings;
Martin Kramer was one of the first experts to start using the term political Islam in 1980. In 2003, he stated that political Islam can also be seen as tautology because nowhere in the Muslim world is a religion separated from politics. [5] [6] Some experts use terms like Islamism, pointing out the same set of occurrences or they confuse both ...
Arabia united under Muhammad (7th century CE) according to traditional accounts Islamic studies do not reveal a specific Islamic religious identity and political attitude with sharp boundaries for early period; [15] The Rāshidūn caliphs used Sasanian symbols (Star and crescent, Fire temple, depictions of the last emperor Khosrow II) by adding the Arabic bismillāh on their coins. [16]
This is a list of political parties espousing Islam as its main identity without principal adherence to the particular ideology of political Islam, or taking a theological position of wasat which advocates for politico-religious centrism, Islamic democracy, Third Way, progressivism and liberalism.
Azyumardi Azra CBE (4 March 1955 – 18 September 2022) [1] was an Indonesian public intellectual, Muslim scholar and Rector of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta.
"the belief that Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life" (Sheri Berman); [9] the belief that Islam should influence political systems (Cambridge English Dictionary); [44] "the [Islamic] ideology that guides society as a whole and that [teaches] law must be in conformity with the Islamic sharia", (W. E. Shepard); [11]
Islam [a] is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran, believing in Allah (lit. ' The God '), [9] and the teachings of Muhammad, [10] the religion's founder. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number 1.9 billion worldwide and are the world's second-largest religious population after Christians. [11]