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Carnosine is naturally produced by the body in the liver [2] from beta-alanine and histidine. Like carnitine, carnosine is composed of the root word carn, meaning "flesh", alluding to its prevalence in meat. [3] There are no plant-based sources of carnosine. [4] Carnosine is readily available as a synthetic nutritional supplement.
[3] [8] [17] Serum carnosinase is a glycoprotein, and splits free carnosine and anserine in the blood. [11] This form of the dipeptidase is not found in human blood until late infancy, slowly rising to adult levels by age 15. [14] Unlike tissue carnosinase, serum carnosinase also hydrolyzes the GABA metabolite homocarnosine. [11]
β-Alanine is the rate-limiting precursor of carnosine, which is to say carnosine levels are limited by the amount of available β-alanine, not histidine. [6] Supplementation with β-alanine has been shown to increase the concentration of carnosine in muscles, decrease fatigue in athletes, and increase total muscular work done.
The researchers said that although carnosine is rapidly degraded by enzymes in the body, it could potentially be an initial treatment for prostate cancer if a constant slow release mechanism is used.
“I advise patients to limit or avoid excessive consumption of processed meats and red meat, as studies have linked these to increased cancer risk,” says Dr. Robles.
Hemoglobin-AGE levels are elevated in diabetic individuals [24] and other AGE proteins have been shown in experimental models to accumulate with time, increasing from 5-50 fold over periods of 5–20 weeks in the retina, lens and renal cortex of diabetic rats.
The increased risk was seen in people who ate at least one-quarter of a serving of unprocessed meats per day, according to the research article. This equates to around one hot dog, two slices of ...
Although zinc L-carnosine caused an increase in serum zinc level, the serum copper level and copper:zinc ratio decreased, and a case of preexisting copper deficiency deteriorated. [8] As a mitigative, supplementation of 2 mg/day copper as glycinate chelate safely increases Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activity. [22]