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IPsec is an open standard as a part of the IPv4 suite and uses the following protocols to perform various functions: [10] [11] Authentication Header (AH) provides connectionless data integrity and data origin authentication for IP datagrams and provides protection against IP header modification attacks and replay attacks .
Most IPsec implementations consist of an IKE daemon that runs in user space and an IPsec stack in the kernel that processes the actual IP packets.. User-space daemons have easy access to mass storage containing configuration information, such as the IPsec endpoint addresses, keys and certificates, as required.
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As a framework, [1] ISAKMP typically utilizes IKE for key exchange, although other methods have been implemented such as Kerberized Internet Negotiation of Keys. A Preliminary SA is formed using this protocol; later a fresh keying is done. ISAKMP defines procedures and packet formats to establish, negotiate, modify and delete Security Associations.
The Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is an obsolete method for implementing virtual private networks.PPTP has many well known security issues. PPTP uses a TCP control channel and a Generic Routing Encapsulation tunnel to encapsulate PPP packets.
A = 5 4 mod 23 = 4 (in this example both A and a have the same value 4, but this is usually not the case) Bob chooses a secret integer b = 3, then sends Alice B = g b mod p. B = 5 3 mod 23 = 10; Alice computes s = B a mod p. s = 10 4 mod 23 = 18; Bob computes s = A b mod p. s = 4 3 mod 23 = 18; Alice and Bob now share a secret (the number 18).
IPsec NAT-T patches are also available for Windows 2000, Windows NT and Windows 98. [citation needed] NAT traversal and IPsec may be used to enable opportunistic encryption of traffic between systems. NAT traversal allows systems behind NATs to request and establish secure connections on demand.
From 2.3.x series on, OpenVPN fully supports IPv6 as protocol of the virtual network inside a tunnel and the OpenVPN applications can also establish connections via IPv6. [20] It has the ability to work through most proxy servers (including HTTP ) and is good at working through network address translation (NAT) and getting out through firewalls.