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A soil ball with indigenous worms in soil amended a few weeks previously with bokashi fermented matter. Bokashi is a process that converts food waste and similar organic matter into a soil amendment which adds nutrients and improves soil texture. It differs from traditional composting methods in several respects. The most important are:
In even a slight presence of water, carbonic acid dehydrates to carbon dioxide and water, which then catalyzes further decomposition. [6] For this reason, carbon dioxide can be considered the carbonic acid anhydride. The hydration equilibrium constant at 25 °C is [H 2 CO 3]/[CO 2] ≈ 1.7×10 −3 in pure water [12] and ≈ 1.2×10 −3 in ...
The free radicals generated by this process engage in secondary reactions. For example, the hydroxyl is a powerful, non-selective oxidant. [6] Oxidation of an organic compound by Fenton's reagent is rapid and exothermic and results in the oxidation of contaminants to primarily carbon dioxide and water.
Phosgene is also used to produce monoisocyanates, used as pesticide precursors (e.g. methyl isocyanate (MIC). Aside from the widely used reactions described above, phosgene is also used to produce acyl chlorides from carboxylic acids: R−C(=O)−OH + COCl 2 → R−C(=O)−Cl + HCl + CO 2
In clayey soil, bacteria are capable of reorienting and moving clay particles under low confining stress (at shallow depths). However, inability to make these rearrangements under high confining stresses limits bacterial activity at larger depths. Furthermore, sediment-cell interaction may cause puncture or tensile failure of the cell membrane.
In geotechnical engineering, a soil test can be used to determine the physical characteristics of a soil, such as its water content, void ratio or bulk density. Soil testing can also provide information related to the shear strength, rate of consolidation and permeability of the soil. The following is a non-exhaustive list of engineering soil ...
The Mond process, sometimes known as the carbonyl process, is a technique created by Ludwig Mond in 1890, [1] to extract and purify nickel. The process was used commercially before the end of the 19th century, [ 2 ] and particularly by the International Nickel Company in the Sudbury Basin . [ 3 ]
This method is used to produce propionic acid from ethylene using nickel carbonyl as the catalyst: [2] The above reaction is also referred to as hydroxycarbonylation , in which case hydrocarboxylation refers to the same net converstion but using carbon dioxide in place of CO and H 2 in place of water: [ 8 ]