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Bladder outlet obstruction is included in the spectrum of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). CAKUT is the most common cause of birth defects, occurring in 1 out of 1000 live births, and accounts for approximately half of all cases of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease in children. [1] [2]
Obstructive uropathy is a structural or functional hindrance of normal urine flow, [1] sometimes leading to renal dysfunction (obstructive nephropathy). It is a very broad term, and does not imply a location or cause.
Posterior urethral valve (PUV) disorder is an obstructive developmental anomaly in the urethra and genitourinary system of male newborns. [1] A posterior urethral valve is an obstructing membrane in the posterior male urethra as a result of abnormal in utero development. It is the most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in male newborns.
This can cause the inability to void urine even if the bladder is full and cause a large bladder capacity. The internal urinary sphincter can contract normally, however urinary incontinence is common. This type of neurogenic bladder is caused by damage to the peripheral nerves that travel from the spinal cord to the bladder. [5]
When reflux nephropathy is suspected as a cause of kidney disease, other conditions to consider include chronic pyelonephritis, obstructive uropathy, and analgesic overuse. The term "reflux nephropathy" was introduced in 1973. [1]
The protection provided by the foreskin for the glans penis and meatus has been recognized since 1915. In the absence of the foreskin the meatus is exposed to mechanical and chemical irritation from ammoniacal diaper (nappy) that produces blister formation and ulceration of the urethral opening, which eventually gives rise to meatal stenosis (a narrowing of the opening). [1]
Urinothorax is usually caused by obstructive uropathy. The obstructive uropathy may be at the urinary bladder or urethral level. [6] Obstructive causes have been caused by prostate disease, kidney cyst, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and supernumerary kidney. [3] Traumatic cases tend to occur on one side, while obstructive cases tend to be bilateral ...
The most frequent site of obstruction is the vesico-ureteric junction (VUJ), the narrowest point of the upper urinary tract. Acute obstruction and the resultant urinary stasis (disruption of urine flow) can distend the ureter ( hydroureter ) and cause a reflexive peristaltic smooth muscle spasm , which leads to a very intense visceral pain ...