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The triple helix model of innovation, as theorized by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff, is based on the interactions between the three following elements and their associated 'initial role': [9] universities engaging in basic research, industries producing commercial goods and governments that are regulating markets. [2]
Triple-stranded DNA (also known as H-DNA or Triplex-DNA) is a DNA structure in which three oligonucleotides wind around each other and form a triple helix. In triple-stranded DNA, the third strand binds to a B-form DNA (via Watson–Crick base-pairing ) double helix by forming Hoogsteen base pairs or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds.
In a triple-helix model (specifically Pauling and Corey's model), some of the van der Waals distances appear to be too small. The initial double helix model discovered, now termed B-form DNA is by far the most common conformation in cells. [12]
The quadruple and quintuple innovation helix framework was co-developed by Elias G. Carayannis and David F.J. Campbell, with the quadruple helix being described in 2009 [3] [4] and the quintuple helix in 2010. [4] [5] Various authors were exploring the concept of a quadruple helix extension to the triple helix model of innovation around the ...
The collagen triple helix is a triple helix formed from three separate protein helices, spiraling around the same axis. In the fields of geometry and biochemistry, a triple helix (pl.: triple helices) is a set of three congruent geometrical helices with the same axis, differing by a translation along the axis. This means that each of the ...
Ten years after James Watson and Francis Crick published their model of the DNA double helix, [2] Karst Hoogsteen reported [3] a crystal structure of a complex in which analogues of A and T formed a base pair that had a different geometry from that described by Watson and Crick. Similarly, an alternative base-pairing geometry can occur for G ...
In 1951, Pauling published the structure of the alpha helix, a fundamentally important structural component of proteins. In early 1953, Pauling published a triple helix model of DNA, which subsequently turned out to be incorrect. [3] Both Crick, and particularly Watson, thought that they were racing against Pauling to discover the structure of DNA.
In 1954, Ramachandran & Kartha (13, 14) advanced a structure for the collagen triple helix on the basis of fiber diffraction data. It consists of a triple helix made of the repetitious amino acid sequence glycine-X-Y, where X and Y are frequently proline or hydroxyproline. [2] [3] Collagen folded into a triple helix is known as tropocollagen.