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In mathematics and computer programming, exponentiating by squaring is a general method for fast computation of large positive integer powers of a number, or more generally of an element of a semigroup, like a polynomial or a square matrix. Some variants are commonly referred to as square-and-multiply algorithms or binary exponentiation.
The binomial approximation for the square root, + + /, can be applied for the following expression, + where and are real but .. The mathematical form for the binomial approximation can be recovered by factoring out the large term and recalling that a square root is the same as a power of one half.
There are many other combinatorial interpretations of binomial coefficients (counting problems for which the answer is given by a binomial coefficient expression), for instance the number of words formed of n bits (digits 0 or 1) whose sum is k is given by (), while the number of ways to write = + + + where every a i is a nonnegative integer is ...
The word FOIL is an acronym for the four terms of the product: First ("first" terms of each binomial are multiplied together) Outer ("outside" terms are multiplied—that is, the first term of the first binomial and the second term of the second) Inner ("inside" terms are multiplied—second term of the first binomial and first term of the second)
A binomial is a polynomial which is the sum of two monomials. A binomial in a single indeterminate (also known as a univariate binomial) can be written in the form , where a and b are numbers, and m and n are distinct non-negative integers and x is a symbol which is called an indeterminate or, for historical reasons, a variable.
The square of an integer may also be called a square number or a perfect square. In algebra, the operation of squaring is often generalized to polynomials, other expressions, or values in systems of mathematical values other than the numbers. For instance, the square of the linear polynomial x + 1 is the quadratic polynomial (x + 1) 2 = x 2 ...
Binomial (polynomial), a polynomial with two terms; Binomial coefficient, numbers appearing in the expansions of powers of binomials; Binomial QMF, a perfect-reconstruction orthogonal wavelet decomposition; Binomial theorem, a theorem about powers of binomials; Binomial type, a property of sequences of polynomials; Binomial series, a ...
One could use a calculator to compute 4 13; this comes out to 67,108,864. Taking this value modulo 497, the answer c is determined to be 445. Note that b is only one digit in length and that e is only two digits in length, but the value b e is 8 digits in length. In strong cryptography, b is often at least 1024 bits. [1]