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On the speech delivered before the MPR RI plenary session on 16 August 1982, President Soeharto emphasised that all social and political forces must declare Pancasila as their only ideological basis.
Ketuhanan yang Berkebudayaan: A Divinity that upholds religious freedom (A formulation that can be seen as allowing both monotheism or polytheism, thereby allowing space for all of Indonesia's major religions). In his speech, Sukarno rejected the Panca Dharma as a name, saying that "dharma" meant 'obligation', but that he was proposing principles.
An ideology is a set of beliefs or values attributed to a person or group of persons, especially those held for reasons that are not purely about belief in certain knowledge, [1] [2] in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones". [3]
The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties is a collection of essays published in 1960 (New York, 2nd ed. 1962) by Daniel Bell, who described himself as a "socialist in economics, a liberal in politics, and a conservative in culture."
The need of Pancasila preservation become intensified after the 30 September Movement, after Suharto concluded that Pancasila was no longer practiced by Indonesian population, thus "Communism/Marxism-Leninism" (sic, official state terminology) was raised as contender and challenged the state ideology. [7]
The Open Society and Its Enemies is a work on political philosophy by the philosopher Karl Popper, in which the author presents a "defence of the open society against its enemies", [1] and offers a critique of theories of teleological historicism, according to which history unfolds inexorably according to universal laws.
The Liberal Democracy period in Indonesia (Indonesian: Demokrasi Liberal), also known as the Era of Parliamentary Democracy, was a period in Indonesian political history, when the country was under a liberal democratic system.