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A DNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that transfects a specific antigen -coding DNA sequence into the cells of an organism as a mechanism to induce an immune response. [ 1][ 2] DNA vaccines work by injecting genetically engineered plasmid containing the DNA sequence encoding the antigen (s) against which an immune response is sought, so the cells ...
mRNA vaccine. An mRNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response. [ 1] The vaccine delivers molecules of antigen -encoding mRNA into immune cells, which use the designed mRNA as a blueprint to build foreign protein that would normally be produced by a pathogen (such as a ...
Genetic vaccine. A genetic vaccine (also gene-based vaccine) is a vaccine that contains nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA that lead to protein biosynthesis of antigens within a cell. Genetic vaccines thus include DNA vaccines, RNA vaccines and viral vector vaccines .
e. A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. [ 1][ 2] The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. [ 3][ 4] A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or ...
Evidence of common descent of living organisms has been discovered by scientists researching in a variety of disciplines over many decades, demonstrating that all life on Earth comes from a single ancestor. This forms an important part of the evidence on which evolutionary theory rests, demonstrates that evolution does occur, and illustrates ...
DNA and RNA codon tables. A codon table can be used to translate a genetic code into a sequence of amino acids. [ 1][ 2] The standard genetic code is traditionally represented as an RNA codon table, because when proteins are made in a cell by ribosomes, it is messenger RNA (mRNA) that directs protein synthesis. [ 2][ 3] The mRNA sequence is ...
Directionality (molecular biology) A furanose (sugar-ring) molecule with carbon atoms labeled using standard notation. The 5′ is upstream; the 3′ is downstream. DNA and RNA are synthesized in the 5′-to-3′ direction. Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of ...
The coding region of a gene, also known as the coding sequence (CDS), is the portion of a gene's DNA or RNA that codes for a protein. [1] Studying the length, composition, regulation, splicing, structures, and functions of coding regions compared to non-coding regions over different species and time periods can provide a significant amount of important information regarding gene organization ...