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The largest values of heat flux coincide with mid-ocean ridges, and the smallest values of heat flux occur in stable continental interiors. Earth's internal heat budget is fundamental to the thermal history of the Earth. The flow of heat from Earth's interior to the surface is estimated at 47±2 terawatts (TW) [ 1] and comes from two main ...
Horizontal gene transfer ( HGT) or lateral gene transfer ( LGT) [ 1][ 2][ 3] is the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring ( reproduction ). [ 4] HGT is an important factor in the evolution of many organisms. [ 5][ 6] HGT is influencing scientific understanding ...
A transformation efficiency of 1×10 8 cfu/μg for a small plasmid like pUC19 is roughly equivalent to 1 in 2000 molecules of the plasmid used being transformed. In calcium chloride transformation, the cells are prepared by chilling cells in the presence of Ca 2+ (in CaCl 2 solution), making the cell become permeable to plasmid DNA. The cells ...
Thermal conduction. Conduction is the process by which heat is transferred from the hotter end to the colder end of an object. The ability of the object to conduct heat is known as its thermal conductivity, and is denoted k . Heat spontaneously flows along a temperature gradient (i.e. from a hotter body to a colder body).
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells. [ 1] This takes place through a pilus. [ 2][full citation needed] It is a parasexual mode of reproduction in bacteria. A micrograph displaying Escherichia coli undergoing bacterial ...
Decoupage or découpage ( / ˌdeɪkuːˈpɑːʒ /; [ 1] French: [dekupaʒ]) is the art of decorating an object by gluing colored paper cutouts onto it in combination with special paint effects, gold leaf, and other decorative elements. Commonly, an object like a small box or an item of furniture is covered by cutouts from magazines or from ...
And It’s Pushing Scientific Boundaries. While building a simpler model for particle interactions, scientists made a sleek new pi. Representations of pi help scientists use values close to real ...
Spiegelman's Monster. Spiegelman's Monster is an RNA chain of only 218 nucleotides that is able to be reproduced by the RNA replication enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, also called RNA replicase. It is named after its creator, Sol Spiegelman, of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign who first described it in 1965.