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Transduction is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus or viral vector. [ 1] An example is the viral transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another and hence an example of horizontal gene transfer. [ 2] Transduction does not require physical contact between the cell donating the DNA and the cell receiving the DNA ...
Bacterial conjugation. Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells. [ 1] This takes place through a pilus. [ 2][full citation needed] It is a parasexual mode of reproduction in bacteria. A micrograph displaying Escherichia coli ...
Horizontal gene transfer also plays a role in the spread of virulence factors, such as exotoxins and exoenzymes, amongst bacteria. [5] A prime example concerning the spread of exotoxins is the adaptive evolution of Shiga toxins in E. coli through horizontal gene transfer via transduction with Shigella species of bacteria. [55]
Paper marbling is a method of aqueous surface design, which can produce patterns similar to smooth marble or other kinds of stone. [ 1] The patterns are the result of color floated on either plain water or a viscous solution known as size, and then carefully transferred to an absorbent surface, such as paper or fabric.
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. [ 1][ 2][ 3] It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to organisms' evolution. Gregor Mendel, a Moravian Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically.
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A hot, less-dense lower boundary layer sends plumes of hot material upwards, and cold material from the top moves downwards. Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy ( heat) between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms ...