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The First Epistle of John stands out from the others due to its form, but they are united by language, style, contents, themes, and worldview. [9] The Second and Third Epistles of John are composed as regular greco-roman letters, with greetings and endings, while the First Epistle of John lacks such characteristic markings and instead resembles a sermon or an exhoratory speech.
Johannine literature is the collection of New Testament works that are traditionally attributed to John the Apostle, John the Evangelist, or to the Johannine community. [1] They are usually dated to the period c. AD 60–110 , with a minority of scholars, including Anglican bishop John Robinson , offering the earliest of these datings.
Online translations of the Second Epistle of John: Online Bible at GospelHall.org; KJV; NIV; Bible: 2 John public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions; Online articles on the Second Epistle of John: The Second General Epistle of John from Kretzmann's Popular Commentary of the Bible; An Exegesis of 2 John 7–11 by Mark A. Paustian
The Gospel of John, like all the gospels, is anonymous. [14] John 21:22 [15] references a disciple whom Jesus loved and John 21:24–25 [16] says: "This is the disciple who is testifying to these things and has written them, and we know that his testimony is true". [11]
The First Epistle of John [a] is the first of the Johannine epistles of the New Testament, and the fourth of the catholic epistles. There is no scholarly consensus as to the authorship of the Johannine works. The author of the First Epistle is termed John the Evangelist, who most modern scholars believe is not the same as John the Apostle.
Most scholars claim that the apostle John, son of Zebedee, wrote none of the Johannine works, including the Gospel of John [2] [4] Various objections to John the Apostle's authorship have been raised: The Synoptic Gospels are united in identifying John as a fisherman from Galilee, and Acts 4:13 refers to John as "without learning" or "unlettered".
Stephen L. Harris claims that John adapted Philo's concept of the Logos, identifying Jesus as an incarnation of the divine Logos that formed the universe. [7]While John 1:1 is generally considered the first mention of the Logos in the New Testament, arguably, the first reference occurs in the book of Revelation.
For much of the 20th century, scholars interpreted the Gospel of John within the paradigm of this hypothetical Johannine community, [5] meaning that the gospel sprang from a late-1st-century Christian community excommunicated from the Jewish synagogue (probably meaning the Jewish community) [6] on account of its belief in Jesus as the promised Jewish messiah. [7]