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It can be described as the ability to perceive or infer information; and to retain it as knowledge to be applied to adaptive behaviors within an environment or context. [1] The term rose to prominence during the early 1900s. [2] [3] Most psychologists believe that intelligence can be divided into various domains or competencies. [4]
The three-stratum theory is a theory of cognitive ability proposed by the American psychologist John Carroll in 1993. [1] [2] It is based on a factor-analytic study of the correlation of individual-difference variables from data such as psychological tests, school marks and competence ratings from more than 460 datasets.
When considering tests of cognitive ability, it is paramount to consider evidence for their reliability, validity, length, and mode of administration (e.g., some assessments require a trained administrator to be present with the respondent). It is also essential to understand which cognitive abilities are measured by each test and sub-test. [1]
Quantitative reasoning (Gq): the ability to comprehend quantitative concepts and relationships and to manipulate numerical symbols. Reading & writing ability (Grw): includes basic reading and writing skills. Short-term memory (Gsm): is the ability to apprehend and hold information in immediate awareness and then use it within a few seconds.
Cognitive functioning refers to a person's ability to process thoughts. It is defined as "the ability of an individual to perform the various mental activities most closely associated with learning and problem-solving. Examples include the verbal, spatial, psychomotor, and processing-speed ability."
It comprises 60 multiple choice questions, listed in order of increasing difficulty. [2] This format is designed to measure the test taker's reasoning ability, the eductive ("meaning-making") component of Spearman's g (g is often referred to as general intelligence). The tests were originally developed by John C. Raven in 1936. [3]
Domain-specificity has been defined by Frankenhuis and Ploeger as that “a given cognitive mechanism accepts, or is specialized to operate on, only a specific class of information”. [12] Furthermore, domain-specific learning prescribes different learning activities for students in order to meet required learning outcomes.
The conceptual model of mind is composed of the mental and emotional processes by which a person seeks, finds, and applies logical solutions to the problems of life. The full potential of the intellect is achieved when a person acquires a factually accurate understanding of the real world, which is mirrored in the mind .