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Illustration showing influenza virus attaching to cell membrane via the surface protein hemagglutinin. Hemagglutinins (alternatively spelt haemagglutinin, from the Greek haima, 'blood' + Latin gluten, 'glue') are homotrimeric glycoproteins present on the protein capsids of viruses in the Paramyxoviridae and Orthomyxoviridae families.
Hemagglutinin is a class I fusion protein, [1] [2] having multifunctional activity as both an attachment factor and membrane fusion protein. Therefore, HA is responsible for binding influenza viruses to sialic acid on the surface of target cells, such as cells in the upper respiratory tract or erythrocytes , [ 3 ] resulting in the ...
Sialic acid is a negatively charged sugar associated with the protein and lipid portions of lipoproteins. [ citation needed ] To infect a host cell, the influenza virus attaches to the exterior cell surface using hemagglutinin , a molecule found on the surface of the virus that binds to sialic acid groups.
Image created with PyMOL from The HA-tag is a protein tag derived from the human influenza hemagglutinin (HA) protein, which allows the virus to target and enter host cells. An HA-tag is composed of a peptide derived from the HA-molecule corresponding to amino acids 98-106, which can be recognized and selectively bound by commercially available ...
Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase refers to a single viral protein that has both hemagglutinin and (endo) neuraminidase EC 3.2.1.18 activity. This is in contrast to the proteins found in influenza , where both functions exist but in two separate proteins.
Sequence alignment of 27 H9N2 avian influenza hemagglutinin protein sequences. The top section is colored by residue conservation and the bottom by residue chemical properties. Alignment produced with ClustalW. Date: 19 July 2006: Source: Own work: Author: Opabinia regalis: Permission (Reusing this file) GDFL
The resulting HI plate images usually progress from non-agglutinated, “button” wells with high antibody concentration to agglutinated, red diffuse wells with low antibody concentration. The HI titer value is the inverse of the last dilution of serum that completely inhibited hemagglutination.
Agglutinin might also be associated with diseases of which the most common is an autoimmune disease known as cold agglutinin disease.In cold agglutinin disease, the body produces agglutinins or antibodies that coagulate erythrocytes and lyse them at room temperature or lower.