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B: Bias belted; tires for motorcycles (Example: 150/70 B 17 69 H) – diagonal construction with belt added under the tread; BSB: Broken serrated band; BSL: Black serrated letters; BSW: Black sidewall; E4: Tire approved according to the ECE-regulations, the number indicating the country of approval. "ELT": Pirelli Elect tyres, specific for ...
Tire uniformity refers to the dynamic mechanical properties of pneumatic tires as strictly defined by a set of measurement standards and test conditions accepted by global tire and car makers. These standards include the parameters of radial force variation , lateral force variation , conicity, ply steer, radial run-out , lateral run-out , and ...
The exact ratio of sidewall compliance to tread compliance is a factor in tire construction and inflation pressure. [3] Because the tire deformation tends to reach a maximum behind the center of the contact patch, by a distance known as pneumatic trail, it tends to generate a torque about a vertical axis known as self aligning torque.
Self-sealing tires work on punctures up to a certain size. Patch repair is commonly used in a repair shop. Some may not patch a worn tire if: the hole is close to a previous patch; there are already more than two patches; the puncture requires more than two patches; the punctures are too close, and/or the puncture is close to the sidewall.
Tire maintenance for motor vehicles is based on several factors. The chief reason for tire replacement is friction from moving contact with road surfaces, causing the tread on the outer perimeter of tires to eventually wear away. When the tread depth becomes too shallow, like for example below 3.2 mm (4/32 in), the tire is worn out and should ...
These belts can be made of steel (hence the term steel-belted radial), polyester, or Aramid fibers such as Twaron or Kevlar. In this way, low radial tires separate the tire carcass into two separate systems: The radial cords in the sidewall allow it to act like a spring, giving flexibility and ride comfort.
Skim rubber is a thin strip of rubber sandwiched between the inner and outer belts and the belt wedge is a thin strip of rubber installed along the outer edge of the tire between the two steel belts and in the area of highest stress on the tire. These changes reduce the ability of the tire to resist crack growth and belt separation. [15]
In the second stage of operation, the carcass of the tire is inflated, then the belt package and tread are applied. All components require splicing. The inner liner and body plies are spliced with a square-ended overlap. Tread and sidewall are joined with a skived splice, where the joining ends are bevel-cut.