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For example, the expression "5 mod 2" evaluates to 1, because 5 divided by 2 has a quotient of 2 and a remainder of 1, while "9 mod 3" would evaluate to 0, because 9 divided by 3 has a quotient of 3 and a remainder of 0. Although typically performed with a and n both being integers, many computing systems now allow other types of numeric operands.
A residue numeral system (RNS) is a numeral system representing integers by their values modulo several pairwise coprime integers called the moduli. This representation is allowed by the Chinese remainder theorem, which asserts that, if M is the product of the moduli, there is, in an interval of length M, exactly one integer having any given set of modular values.
n = 1 that yield a minimax approximation or bound for the closely related Q-function: Q(x) ≈ Q̃(x), Q(x) ≤ Q̃(x), or Q(x) ≥ Q̃(x) for x ≥ 0. The coefficients {( a n , b n )} N n = 1 for many variations of the exponential approximations and bounds up to N = 25 have been released to open access as a comprehensive dataset.
43 = (−9) × (−5) + (−2) and −2 is the least absolute remainder. In the division of 42 by 5, we have: 42 = 8 × 5 + 2, and since 2 < 5/2, 2 is both the least positive remainder and the least absolute remainder. In these examples, the (negative) least absolute remainder is obtained from the least positive remainder by subtracting 5 ...
The multiplicative inverse x ≡ a −1 (mod m) may be efficiently computed by solving Bézout's equation a x + m y = 1 for x, y, by using the Extended Euclidean algorithm. In particular, if p is a prime number, then a is coprime with p for every a such that 0 < a < p; thus a multiplicative inverse exists for all a that is not congruent to zero ...
The remainder on division does not need to be zero. Although all of the preceding text is written in terms of divisibility by the generator polynomial, any fixed remainder S ( x ) {\displaystyle S(x)} may be used and will perform just as well as a zero remainder.
This rounding rule is biased because it always moves the result toward zero. Round-to-nearest : f l ( x ) {\displaystyle fl(x)} is set to the nearest floating-point number to x {\displaystyle x} . When there is a tie, the floating-point number whose last stored digit is even (also, the last digit, in binary form, is equal to 0) is used.
For n equal to 2 this is ... remainder. If the remainder is zero and there are no more digits to bring down, then the algorithm has terminated. ... ≤ 827 < 10 0 ·1 ...