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Cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) cells are a group of immune effector cells featuring a mixed T- and natural killer (NK) cell-like phenotype.They are generated by ex vivo incubation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or cord blood mononuclear cells with interferon-gamma (), anti-CD3 antibody, recombinant human interleukin (IL)-1 and recombinant human interleukin (IL)-2.
Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or "helper" CD4+ cells.. A cytotoxic T cell (also known as T C, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL, T-killer cell, cytolytic T cell, CD8 + T-cell or killer T cell) is a T lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected by intracellular pathogens such as viruses or bacteria, or ...
It has been found in both mice and humans that the signature cytokines for these cells are interferon gamma and lymphotoxin alpha. The main cytokine for differentiation into T H 1 cells is IL-12 which is produced by dendritic cells in response to the activation of pattern recognition receptors. T-bet is a distinctive transcription factor of T H ...
The clinical potential of NKT cells lies in the rapid release of cytokines (such as IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-4) that promote or suppress different immune responses. Most clinical trials with NKT cells have been performed with cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK). [16]
The large concentration of heparin allowed loading and release of the cytokines to be independent of each other. [11] The codelivery of the cytokines from the hydrogels led to pro-angiogenic effects both in vitro and in vivo, with the effect being much greater than administration of the single growth factors [11]
In order to create sufficient auto-reactive killer T cells, interleukin-2 must be produced, and this is supplied by CD4 + T cells. CD4 + T cells can also stimulate cells such as natural killer cells and macrophages via cytokines such as interferon-gamma, encouraging these cytotoxic cells to kill host cells in certain circumstances.
In immunology, cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a form of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that can be triggered by a variety of factors such as infections and certain drugs. [3] It refers to cytokine storm syndromes (CSS) [ 4 ] and occurs when large numbers of white blood cells are activated and release inflammatory cytokines ...
Cytokine-induced killer cells, strongly productive cytotoxic effector cells that are capable of lysing tumor cells [1] Microglia, a glial effector cell that reconstructs the Central nervous system after a bone marrow transplant [2] Fibroblast, a cell that is most commonly found within connective tissue [3]