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Case history; Prior: Scarpelli v. Gagnon, 317 F. Supp. 72 (E.D. Wis. 1970); affirmed sub. nom., Gunsolus v. Gagnon, 454 F.2d 416 (7th Cir. 1971): Holding; A preliminary and final revocation of probation hearings are required by Due Process; the judicial body overseeing the revocation hearings shall determine if the probationer or parolee requires counsel; denying representation of counsel must ...
White was elected to the Cleveland Public Library's board of directors for the first time on May 5, 1884. [10] He was elected president at a meeting of the "Board of Managers of the Public Library" on May 13, 1884, [11] and served the following year in 1885 as president, also. [12] He became Library Board President again in 1910 until his death ...
In many institutes, a white veil is used as the "veil of probation" during novitiate. A black veil is the traditional sign of a professed nun. Some monasteries or communities bestow the black veil at the first profession of vows, but usually it is bestowed with the profession of solemn vows. [85]
In 1891 California became the first state to specifically establish a system of public law libraries, funded by court filing fees, and open to the general public as well as lawyers. [2] During the twentieth century, public law libraries became more common throughout the United States and by 2005, all but one state had passed legislation ...
Probation or supervised release is considered custody for purposes of federal habeas corpus law, and therefore can be challenged under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Probation officers are entitled to qualified immunity from probationers' due process claims because probationers cannot claim a property interest in the statutory procedural protections. [194]
On March 4, 1925, President Calvin Coolidge, a former Governor of Massachusetts and very familiar with the benefits of a functioning probation system, signed the bill in to law. This Act gave the U.S. Courts the power to appoint Federal Probation Officers and authority to sentence defendants to probation instead of a prison sentence.
No white children were allowed to attend any graded common school for colored children and vice versa. 1918: Prisons This law allowed the segregation of races in all municipal, parish, and state prisons. 1921: Education This law called for separate public schools for the education of white and black children between the ages of six and eighteen.
Smith v. California, 361 U.S. 147 (1959), was a U.S. Supreme Court case upholding the freedom of the press.The decision deemed unconstitutional a city ordinance that made one in possession of obscene books criminally liable because it did not require proof that one had knowledge of the book's content, and thus violated the freedom of the press guaranteed in the First Amendment. [1]