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A blood substitute (also called artificial blood or blood surrogate) is a substance used to mimic and fulfill some functions of biological blood. It aims to provide an alternative to blood transfusion , which is transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into another.
Uniporter carrier proteins work by binding to one molecule or substrate at a time. Uniporter channels open in response to a stimulus and allow the free flow of specific molecules. [2] There are several ways in which the opening of uniporter channels may be regulated: Voltage – Regulated by the difference in voltage across the membrane
A carrier is not open simultaneously to both the extracellular and intracellular environments. Either its inner gate is open, or outer gate is open. In contrast, a channel can be open to both environments at the same time, allowing the molecules to diffuse without interruption. Carriers have binding sites, but pores and channels do not.
[2] In 2001 Pfizer / Wyeth 's drug Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (trade name: Mylotarg) was approved based on a study with a surrogate endpoint , through the accelerated approval process . In June 2010, after evidence accumulated showing no evidence of benefit and significant toxicity, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) forced the company to ...
The most common exonic mutations of AIRE occur on exons 1, 2, 6, 8, and 10. Exons 1 and 2 encode the HSR, exon 6 encodes the SAND domain, exon 8 is in the PHD-1 domain, and exon 10 is located in the proline-rich region between the two PHD finger domains. [27] Known mutations in AIRE include Arg139X, Arg257X, and Leu323SerfsX51. [28]
[citation needed] Jet fuel is an example of a fuel requiring a surrogate for experimental research and numerical modelling due to its complexity and high content variability from one batch to the next. [1] [non-primary source needed] Neat hydrocarbon jet fuel surrogate components include decane, dodecane, methylcyclohexane, and toluene.
Comparison of transport proteins. A symporter is an integral membrane protein that is involved in the transport of two (or more) different molecules across the cell membrane in the same direction.
A hydrogen carrier is an organic macromolecule that transports atoms of hydrogen from one place to another inside a cell or from cell to cell for use in various metabolical processes. [1] Examples include NADPH , NADH , and FADH .