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This gives a bond order of 2, meaning that there should exist a double bond between the two carbon atoms in a C 2 molecule. [3] One analysis suggested instead that a quadruple bond exists, [4] an interpretation that was disputed. [5] CASSCF calculations indicate that the quadruple bond based on molecular orbital theory is also reasonable. [3]
Term symbols usually specify the total for all electrons in an atom, but are sometimes used to describe electrons in a given subshell or set of subshells, for example to describe each open subshell in an atom having more than one. The ground state term symbol for neutral atoms is described, in most cases, by Hund's rules.
The sign of the phase itself does not have physical meaning except when mixing orbitals to form molecular orbitals. Two same-sign orbitals have a constructive overlap forming a molecular orbital with the bulk of the electron density located between the two nuclei. This MO is called the bonding orbital and its energy is lower than that of the ...
For one like atom in a 1 S g state and one in a 1 P u state, the possible diatomic states are 1 Σ g +, 1 Σ u +, 1 Π g and 1 Π u. [5] The parity of an atomic term is g if the sum of the individual angular momentum is even, and u if the sum is odd.
In molecules which have resonance or nonclassical bonding, bond order may not be an integer.In benzene, the delocalized molecular orbitals contain 6 pi electrons over six carbons, essentially yielding half a pi bond together with the sigma bond for each pair of carbon atoms, giving a calculated bond order of 1.5 (one and a half bond).
If S has exactly one element, then its only element is a least upper bound. So consider S with more than one element, and suppose that S has an upper bound B 1. Since S is nonempty and has more than one element, there exists a real number A 1 that is not an upper bound for S. Define sequences A 1, A 2, A 3, ... and B 1, B 2, B 3 ...
Given a smooth manifold, of dimension , and an atlas = {(,)}, then a map : is smooth on if for all there exists a chart (,), such that , and : is a smooth function from a neighborhood of () in to (all partial derivatives up to a given order are continuous).
In this way, one may specify a set from any given subset. One might say, "Even though the usual ordering of the real numbers does not work, it may be possible to find a different ordering of the real numbers which is a well-ordering. Then our choice function can choose the least element of every set under our unusual ordering."