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These labelled Uthmani those Sunnis who considered Uthman superior to Ali (i.e. Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali). The majority of the Sunnis hold to this latter ordering and are in this sense Uthmani. Moreover, there were Zaydi Shia and Mu'tazila , who considered Ali superior to both Abu Bakr and Umar but nonetheless acknowledged their caliphate as ...
Nasakom (Indonesian: Nasionalisme, Agama, Komunisme), which stands for nationalism, religion and communism, was a political concept coined by President Sukarno.This concept prevailed in Indonesia from 1959 during the Guided Democracy Era until the New Order, in 1966.
Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عُثْمَان بْن عَفَّان, romanized: ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān; c. 573 or 576 – 17 June 656) was the third caliph, ruling from 644 until his assassination in 656.
The 3rd Rashidun Caliph, Uthman (r. 644–656) continued the policy of military expansion carried out by his predecessors, Umar and Abu Bakr.During his reign, the caliphate stretched from Tripolitania, Egypt, and Anatolia to Greater Khorasan and Sindh and reached its greatest extent in 654 CE.
Uthman was born into the clan of Asad ibn Abd-al-Uzza who belonged to the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. [4] He converted to monotheism while he was young – during a religious feast held by the Quraysh in celebration of their sacrifices made to the idol, Uthman and three of his relatives entered into a secret oath in which they agreed to renounce idol worship in favor of the Abrahamic religions. [5]
Uthman was born at the end of the month of Ramadan in the Hijri year 821, corresponding to early February, 1419. [1] He was the grandson of Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II, the Hafsid ruler from 1394 to 1434, and the son of Abu Faris's original heir Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Mansur, who died in 1430, by a Valencian concubine named Riʾm.
Umar nominated six men to this committee in most sources, [11] all from the Muhajirun (early Meccan converts). [4] The committee consisted of Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad's son-in-law Uthman ibn Affan, Uthman's brother-in-law and Umar's key advisor Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, Ibn Awf's cousin Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, Ali's cousin Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, and Talha ibn ...
The Quran was canonized only after Muhammad's death in 632 CE. According to Islamic tradition the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 23/644–35 AH/655 CE) established the canonical Qur'an, reportedly starting the process in 644 CE, [6] and completing the work around 650 CE (the exact date was not recorded by early Arab annalists). [7]