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The theory of space exploration had a solid basis in the Russian Empire before the First World War with the writings of the Russian and Soviet rocket scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935), who published pioneering papers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries on astronautic theory, including calculating the Rocket equation and in 1929 introduced the concept of the multistaged rocket.
Interkosmos (Russian: Интеркосмос) was a Soviet space program, designed to help the Soviet Union's allies with crewed and uncrewed space missions. The program was formed in April 1967 in Moscow. [1] [2] All members of the program from USSR were given the Hero of the Soviet Union medal or the Order of Lenin.
Crewed space launch EVA Rendezvous and docking Space station Crewed circumlunar flight Crewed Moon landing CNSA (Shenzhou 8 to Tiangong-1) ISRO (SDX01 to SDX02 — as part of SpaDeX) Roscosmos (Soyuz TM-14) (Mir, Aleksandr Volkov and Sergei Krikalev) (Soyuz TM-14 to ISS) Soviet space program (Voskhod 2,
The first Soviet satellites orbiting Earth were named Sputnik, Polyot (starting in 1963), Elektron (in 1964), Proton (in 1965), and Molniya (in 1965), but most have been called Kosmos since Kosmos 1 on 16 March 1962. The program has included uncrewed tests of crewed spacecraft and satellites for scientific research and military purposes. [2]
2K (GRAU index serial number 11F35 2K, NPO Molniya airframe number 1.02), often referred to as Ptichka (Russian: Птичка, "little bird", although this was also a nickname for all orbiters in the programme [2]), is the second Buran-class orbiter, produced as part of the Soviet/Russian Buran programme.
Originating from the Soviet space program founded in the 1950s, Roscosmos emerged following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. It initially began as the Russian Space Agency, [ note 2 ] which was established on 25 February 1992 [ 3 ] and restructured in 1999 and 2004 as the Russian Aviation and Space Agency [ note 3 ] and the Federal ...
Line drawing of an Almaz space station Almaz space station at VDNKh (Russia) The Almaz (Russian: Алмаз, lit. 'Diamond') program was a highly secret Soviet military space station program, begun in the early 1960s. Three crewed military reconnaissance stations were launched between 1973 and 1976: Salyut 2, Salyut 3 and Salyut 5.
This is a list of the human spaceflight missions conducted by the Soviet space program.These missions belong to the Vostok, Voskhod, and Soyuz space programs.. The first patch from the Soviet Space Program was worn by Valentina Tereshkova, [1] then the same patch for the Voskhod 2, Soyuz 4/5 and Soyuz 11, [2] Soyuz 3 had an official insignia that wasn't worn during the flight, [3] and then in ...