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Shortugai (Shortughai), in Darqad District of northern Afghanistan, was a trading colony of the Indus Valley civilization (or Harappan Civilization) established around 2000 BC on the Oxus river (Amu Darya) near the lapis lazuli mines. [1] [2] It is considered to be the northernmost settlement of the Indus Valley Civilization. [3] [4]
Lapis lazuli (UK: / ˌ l æ p ɪ s ˈ l æ z (j) ʊ l i, ˈ l æ ʒ ʊ-,-ˌ l i /; US: / ˈ l æ z (j) ə l i, ˈ l æ ʒ ə-,-ˌ l i /), or lapis for short, is a deep-blue metamorphic rock used as a semi-precious stone that has been prized since antiquity for its intense color.
Jewellery, gemstone: Bijou: Given name / surname Means jewel in French. Jewel (given name) Given name Lapis lazuli: Rumi Given name Originates from Japanese and means "lapis lazuli" and "flow". Malachite: Malachy (given name) Given name Originates from Ireland. Pearl: Madge (given name) Given name A girl's name of Greek origin, meaning "pearl ...
Citrine “A powerful gemstone crystal in a range of deep yellows, oranges, and yellow-cream-white, the citrine gemstone is said to bring abundance and wealth into one’s life,” Salzer says.
Gulbahar Colony, known as Golimar, is a suburb of Karachi. This area is along the Lyari River and was mainly farmland before the settlement of Muslim refugees after the independence of Pakistan . There are several ethnic groups in Gulbahar including Urdu speakers, Sindhis , Kashmiris , Seraikis , Pakhtuns , Punjabis , Balochs , Memons .
Keamari was a low lying island located between Manora and the city of Karachi well into the colonial era. [3] During this time, Keamari was the landing point for all goods and people entering Karachi.
In 1979, Gemstones Corporation of Pakistan was established to develop the gemstones sector in Pakistan, however in 1997 the corporation liquidated. [3] Now a number of organizations are working in this sector including All Pakistan Commercial Exporters Association of Rough & Unpolished Precious and Semi Precious Stones (APCEA) and Pakistan Gems and Jewellery Development Company (PGJDC).
The vast majority of Muhajirs spoke Urdu. Today, Karachi is a predominantly Urdu-speaking (Muhajir) city with many other languages also spoken in the city. The Pashtuns (Pakhtuns or Pathans), originally from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Balochistan, are now the city's second largest ethnic group in Karachi after Muhajirs.