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A prominent question in the philosophy of biology is whether biology can be reduced to lower-level sciences such as chemistry and physics. Materialism is the view that every biological system including organisms consists of nothing except the interactions of molecules; it is opposed to vitalism.
Biologists or philosophers of biology use Occam's razor in either of two contexts both in evolutionary biology: the units of selection controversy and systematics. George C. Williams in his book Adaptation and Natural Selection (1966) argues that the best way to explain altruism among animals is based on low-level (i.e., individual) selection ...
Elliott Sober, Philosophy of Biology, 1993/2000; Daniel C. Dennett, Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life, 1995; Martin Mahner and Mario Bunge, Foundations of Biophilosophy, 1997; Kim Sterelny and Paul E. Griffiths, Sex and Death: An Introduction to Philosophy of Biology, 1999
It answers why-questions by a scheme of four causes, including purpose or teleology, and emphasizes virtue ethics. Aristotle and his school wrote tractates on physics, biology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theatre, music, rhetoric, psychology, linguistics, economics, politics, and government. Any school of thought that takes ...
Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language. It is a rational and critical inquiry that reflects on its methods and assumptions.
Edexcel (also known since 2013 as Pearson Edexcel) [2] is a British multinational education and examination body formed in 1996 and wholly owned by Pearson plc since 2005. It is the only privately owned examination board in the United Kingdom. [3] Its name is a portmanteau term combining the words education and excellence.
Harvard tied with Dartmouth and Columbia atop the conference at 5-2 this season, but scored head-to-head wins over both teams. Officially, the Ivy League recognized all three teams as co-champions.
CliffsNotes was started by Nebraska native Clifton Hillegass in 1958. [2] He was working at Nebraska Book Company of Lincoln, Nebraska, when he met Jack Cole, the co-owner of Coles, a Toronto book business. Coles published a series of Canadian study guides called Coles Notes, and sold Hillegass the U.S. rights to the guides.