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  2. Prime meridian - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_meridian

    The prime meridian of the Moon lies directly in the middle of the face of the Moon visible from Earth and passes near the crater Bruce. The prime meridian of Mars was established in 1971 [35] and passes through the center of the crater Airy-0, although it is fixed by the longitude of the Viking 1 lander, which is defined to be 47.95137°W. [36]

  3. Circle of latitude - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_latitude

    The equator is the circle that is equidistant from the North Pole and South Pole. It divides the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. Of the parallels or circles of latitude, it is the longest, and the only 'great circle' (a circle on the surface of the Earth, centered on Earth's center). All the other parallels are ...

  4. Meridian (geography) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_(geography)

    The first prime meridian was set by Eratosthenes in 200 BC. This prime meridian was used to provide measurement of the earth, but had many problems because of the lack of latitude measurement. [1] Many years later around the 19th century there were still concerns of the prime meridian.

  5. Longitude - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude

    Lunar eclipses continued to be used. The times of these events are compared to those of a reference meridian. Major observatories used the transit circle or meridian circle to establish very accurate longitude values for their country, often establishing their own prime meridian at the longitude of the instrument. [36] Transport of chronometers.

  6. List of map projections - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections

    Map is infinite in extent with outer hemisphere inflating severely, so it is often used as two hemispheres. Maps all small circles to circles, which is useful for planetary mapping to preserve the shapes of craters. c. 150 BC: Orthographic: Azimuthal Perspective Hipparchos* View from an infinite distance. 1740 Vertical perspective: Azimuthal ...

  7. Latitude - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude

    The latitude of the tropical circles is equal to i and the latitude of the polar circles is its complement (90° - i). The axis of rotation varies slowly over time and the values given here are those for the current epoch. The time variation is discussed more fully in the article on axial tilt. [a]

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  9. 180th meridian - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/180th_meridian

    The 180th meridian or antimeridian [1] is the meridian 180° both east and west of the prime meridian in a geographical coordinate system. The longitude at this line can be given as either east or west. On Earth, the prime and 180th meridians form a great ellipse that divides the planet into the Western and Eastern Hemispheres.

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