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The duchy consisted of lands seized by Austria and Prussia; its Grand Duke was Napoleon's ally King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, but Napoleon appointed the intendants who administered the country. The population of 4.3 million was released from occupation and, by 1814, sent about 200,000 men to Napoleon's armies.
The military career of Napoleon spanned over 20 years. He led French armies in the French Revolutionary Wars and later, as emperor , in the Napoleonic Wars . Despite his rich war-winning record, Napoleon 's military career ended in defeat.
Napoleon's proposal for the instatement of his son was swiftly rejected by the legislature. [234] [page needed] Napoleon announced his second abdication on 24 June 1815. In the final skirmish of the Napoleonic Wars, Marshal Davout, Napoleon's minister of war, was defeated by Blücher at Issy on 3 July 1815. [235]
Field commanders under the direct command of Emperor Napoleon: Marshal Ney, Prince of the Moskova : On 16 June 1815, at the battle of Quatre Bras , in command of the Left Wing: I Corps, II Corps (minus the Girard division, present at the battle of Ligny ), III Cavalry Corps (minus the l'Héritier division, present at the battle of Ligny) and ...
The term is distinct from "French Revolutionary Wars", which covers any war involving Revolutionary France between 1792 and 1799, when Napoleon seized power with the Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 November 1799), which is usually considered the end of the French Revolution.
Napoleon Bonaparte [b] (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; [1] [c] 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military officer and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.
On 2 February Napoleon finally captured Mantua, [35] with the Austrians surrendering 18,000 men. Archduke Charles of Austria was unable to stop Napoleon from invading the Tyrol, and the Austrian government sued for peace in April. At the same time, there was a new French invasion of Germany under Moreau and Hoche. [35]
The Battle of Leipzig, [e] also known as the Battle of the Nations, [f] was fought from 16 to 19 October 1813 at Leipzig, Saxony.The Coalition armies of Austria, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia, led by Tsar Alexander I and Karl von Schwarzenberg, decisively defeated the Grande Armée of French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.