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In contrast, burnout represents a negative employee possessing elements of anxiety, depression, and work-related stress. Engagement increases as job resources like knowledge of safety are present. On the other hand, burnout increases when more job demands are present without the buffering effects of job resources.
Karasek's (1979) job demands-control model is the earliest and most cited model relating work design to occupational stress. The key assumption of this model is that low levels of work-related decision latitude (i.e. job control) combined with high workloads (i.e. job demands) can lead to poorer physical and mental health. [19]
Remote work can reduce traffic congestion and air pollution, with fewer cars on the roads. Most studies find that remote work overall results in a decrease in energy use due to less time spent on energy-intensive personal transportation, [68] cleaner air, [69] and a reduction of electricity usage due to a lower office space footprint. [70]
Examples are career opportunities, supervisor coaching, role-clarity, and autonomy. Workplace resources vs. personal resources: The authors of the JD-R make a distinction between workplace resources and personal resources. Two different underlying psychological processes play a role in the development of job strain and motivation. [5]
Job control is a person's ability to influence what happens in their work environment, in particular to influence matters that are relevant to their personal goals. Job control may include control over work tasks, control over the work pace and physical movement, control over the social and technical environment, and freedom from supervision.
Job resources: Work engagement is found to be positively associated with job resources such as social support from co-workers and from one's superior, performance feedback, coaching, job control, task variety, opportunities for learning and development, and training facilities. These resources are helpful in reducing the impact of job demands ...
One example is the study of Bakker, Demerouti and Dollard ([36]), showing that work roles interfered with family roles when work overload and emotional demands increased. In turn, the intimate partner experienced a higher level of demands at home (e.g., an overload of household tasks), as a result of the negative behaviors of the employee.
Workforce management (WFM) is an institutional process that maximizes performance levels and competency for an organization.The process includes all the activities needed to maintain a productive workforce, such as field service management, human resource management, performance and training management, data collection, recruiting, budgeting, forecasting, scheduling and analytics.