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Wine is the most common alcoholic beverage mentioned in biblical literature, where it is a source of symbolism, [2] and was an important part of daily life in biblical times. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Additionally, the inhabitants of ancient Israel drank beer and wines made from fruits other than grapes, and references to these appear in scripture. [ 5 ]
It was dipped in vinegar (Ancient Greek: ὄξος, romanized: oxos; in some translations sour wine), most likely posca, [2] a regular beverage of Roman soldiers, [3] and offered to Jesus to drink from during the Crucifixion, [2] according to Matthew 27:48, [4] Mark 15:36, [5] and John 19:29.
Only John records this saying, but all four gospels relate that Jesus was offered a drink of sour wine (possibly posca). In Mark and Matthew, a sponge was soaked in the wine and lifted up to Jesus on a reed; John says the same, but states that the sponge was affixed to a hyssop branch. This may have been intended as symbolically significant, as ...
Israeli author Meir Shalev claims that ḥummuṣ was mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, specifically Ruth 2:14 as ḥomeṣ; [56] even though ḥomeṣ is glossed by the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) as ' sour wine ' and means ' vinegar ' in modern Hebrew, Shalev traces ḥomeṣ and ḥummuṣ as well as ḥimṣa "chickpea" to one Semitic ...
In Eastern Christianity, sacramental wine is usually red, to better symbolize its change from wine into the blood of Jesus Christ, as is believed to happen at the Eucharist. In the Eastern Orthodox Church , for example, sacramental wine used in the Divine Liturgy must usually be fermented pure sweet red grape wine.
Jesus making wine from water in The Marriage at Cana, a 14th-century fresco from the Visoki Dečani monastery. Christian views on alcohol are varied. Throughout the first 1,800 years of Church history, Christians generally consumed alcoholic beverages as a common part of everyday life and used "the fruit of the vine" [1] in their central rite—the Eucharist or Lord's Supper.
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The biblical narrative records the positive and negative aspects of wine. Wine is a beverage of significance and import, utilized in ceremonies, for example, celebrating Abraham's military victory and successful liberation of Lot, [ 64 ] festive meals, [ 65 ] [ 66 ] and the libations comprising the sacrificial service.