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(Einstein was formally awarded his PhD on 15 January 1906.) [79] [80] [81] Four other pieces of work that Einstein completed in 1905—his famous papers on the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, his special theory of relativity and the equivalence of mass and energy—have led to the year being celebrated as an annus mirabilis for physics ...
Einstein believed that when trying to understand nature one should engage in both philosophical enquiry and enquiry through the natural sciences. [79] Einstein believed that epistemology and science "are dependent upon each other. Epistemology without contact with science becomes an empty scheme.
[3] [4] Einstein is best known by the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc 2 (which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation"). [5] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect ", a pivotal step in ...
Albert Einstein, physicist, 1879-1955, Graphic: Heikenwaelder Hugo,1999. Special relativity is a theory of the structure of spacetime. It was introduced in Einstein's 1905 paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" (for the contributions of many other physicists and mathematicians, see History of special relativity).
Other physicists working with beta rays from radium, like Alfred Bucherer (1908) and Günther Neumann (1914), following on Bucherer's work and improving on his methods, also examined the velocity-dependence of mass and this time it was thought that the "Lorentz-Einstein theory" and the relativity principle were confirmed, and Abraham's theory ...
In addition, co-workers and the other members of the self-styled "Olympia Academy" (Maurice Solovine and Conrad Habicht) and his wife, Mileva Marić, had some influence on Einstein's work, but how much is unclear. [5] [6] [7] Through these papers, Einstein tackled some of the era's most important physics questions and problems.
The two-postulate basis for special relativity is the one historically used by Einstein, and it is sometimes the starting point today. As Einstein himself later acknowledged, the derivation of the Lorentz transformation tacitly makes use of some additional assumptions, including spatial homogeneity, isotropy, and memorylessness. [3]
[p 6] Over the next several decades, the understanding of energy and its relationship with momentum were further developed by Einstein and other physicists including Max Planck, Gilbert N. Lewis, Richard C. Tolman, Max von Laue (who in 1911 gave a comprehensive proof of M 0 = E 0 /c 2 from the stress–energy tensor [19]), and Paul Dirac (whose ...