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In 1992 it was removed from the market and manufacturing ceased. During this time low molecular weight iron dextran was introduced and released for clinical use in 1992. [4] The use of low molecule weight iron dextran was common place for renal dialysis patients and due to its success usage increased progressively through to 1997. [4]
Ferrous iron is then absorbed in the small intestine where it is oxidized into its ferric iron (Fe 3+) form before being released into the bloodstream. [4] Free iron in the blood is toxic to the body as it disrupts normal cell function, damaging organs such as the liver, stomach, and cardiovascular system. [4]
Sodium ferric gluconate complex, sold under the brand name Ferrlecit, is an intravenously administered iron medication for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in adults and in children aged six years and older with chronic kidney disease receiving hemodialysis who are receiving supplemental epoetin therapy. [2]
Side effects of therapy with oral iron are most often diarrhea or constipation and epigastric abdominal discomfort. Taken after a meal, side effects decrease, but there is an increased risk of interaction with other substances. Side effects are dose-dependent, and the dose may be adjusted. The patient may notice that their stools become black.
Therefore, with frequent blood transfusions, iron builds up in the body over time. [2] This can enter the liver , heart , pancreas , and endocrine organs . [ 2 ] Free iron increases the production of oxygen radicals (mostly hydroxyl radicals ) that cause damage to cells (particularly their DNA ).
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Low molecular weight alternatives were eventually introduced to counter these risks. The first of these was ferric gluconate in 1999, which lowered the risk of unwanted gastrointestinal issues. Iron sucrose followed shortly after, and had an even greater effect on reducing the frequency of serious adverse side effects. [3]
Iron deficiency, or sideropenia, is the state in which a body lacks enough iron to supply its needs. Iron is present in all cells in the human body and has several vital functions, such as carrying oxygen to the tissues from the lungs as a key component of the hemoglobin protein, acting as a transport medium for electrons within the cells in the form of cytochromes, and facilitating oxygen ...