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The symptoms of an episode of diabetic ketoacidosis usually evolve over a period of about 24 hours. Predominant symptoms are nausea and vomiting, pronounced thirst, excessive urine production and abdominal pain that may be severe. [13] [14] In severe DKA, breathing becomes rapid and of a deep, gasping character, called "Kussmaul breathing".
Ketotic hypoglycemia classically presents in male young children, typically between the ages of 10 months and 6 years, in the morning after a prolonged overnight fast. Symptoms include those of neuroglycopenia, ketosis, or both. [6] [7] Neuroglycopenic symptoms usually include lethargy and malaise, but may include unresponsiveness or seizures.
Diabetic neuropathy, Neuropathies in diabetes may cause sensory, mononeuritis, and autonomic neuropathy symptoms, muscle weakness, and potentially life-threatening complications like diabetic foot syndrome (Diabetic amyotrophy) and myocardial infarctions. Intensive insulin therapy is recommended to reduce neuropathy risk, while oral ...
Type 1 presents abruptly following a pre-clinical phase, while type 2 has a more insidious onset; patients may remain asymptomatic for many years. [23] Diabetic ketoacidosis is a medical emergency that occurs most commonly in type 1, but may also occur in type 2 if it has been longstanding or if the individual has significant β-cell ...
Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the ketoacidosis. Diabetic ketoacidosis is resolved with insulin infusion, intravenous fluids, electrolyte replacement and supportive care. [ 1 ] Alcoholic ketoacidosis is treated with intravenous dextrose and supportive care and usually does not require insulin. [ 2 ]
Symptoms of diabetic hypoglycemia, when they occur, are those of hypoglycemia: neuroglycopenic, adrenergic (that is, activating adrenergic receptors, resulting e.g. in fast heartbeat), and abdominal. Symptoms and effects can be mild, moderate or severe, depending on how low the glucose falls and a variety of other factors.
The mainstay of type 1 diabetes treatment is the regular injection of insulin to manage hyperglycemia. [45] Injections of insulin via subcutaneous injection using either a syringe or an insulin pump are necessary multiple times per day, adjusting dosages to account for food intake, blood glucose levels, and physical activity. [45]
Signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis may include: [citation needed] Ketoacidosis; Kussmaul hyperventilation (deep, rapid breathing) Confusion or a decreased level of consciousness; Dehydration due to glycosuria and osmotic diuresis; Increased thirst 'Fruity' smelling breath odor; Sweet sensation that is felt into the mouth without a reason