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The money market equilibrium diagram. The LM curve shows the combinations of interest rates and levels of real income for which the money market is in equilibrium. It shows where money demand equals money supply. For the LM curve, the independent variable is income and the dependent variable is the interest rate.
2. MARKET - forces of demand and supply operate within the framework of market. Market constitute an integral part of the price mechanism A market means a system or a set-up in which the buyers and sellers of the commodity are able to interact and communicate with each other and strike a deal, i.e., price and the quantity to be bought and sold.
In most simple microeconomic stories of supply and demand a static equilibrium is observed in a market; however, economic equilibrium can be also dynamic. Equilibrium may also be economy-wide or general, as opposed to the partial equilibrium of a single market. Equilibrium can change if there is a change in demand or supply conditions.
In the diagram, this raises the equilibrium price from P 1 to the higher P 2. This raises the equilibrium quantity from Q 1 to the higher Q 2. (A movement along the curve is described as a "change in the quantity demanded" to distinguish it from a "change in demand", that is, a shift of the curve.)
The graph depicts an increase (that is, right-shift) in demand from D 1 to D 2 along with the consequent increase in price and quantity required to reach a new equilibrium point on the supply curve (S). A common and specific example is the supply-and-demand graph shown at right.
The conceptual framework of equilibrium in a market economy was developed by Léon Walras [7] and further extended by Vilfredo Pareto. [8] It was examined with close attention to generality and rigour by twentieth century mathematical economists including Abraham Wald, [9] Paul Samuelson, [10] Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu. [11]
A competitive equilibrium (CE) consists of two elements: A price function . It takes as argument a vector representing a bundle of commodities, and returns a positive real number that represents its price. Usually the price function is linear - it is represented as a vector of prices, a price for each commodity type.
This lack of equilibrium arises from the firms competing in a market with substitute goods, where consumers favor the cheaper product due to identical preferences. Additionally, equilibrium is not achieved when firms set different prices; the higher-priced firm earns nothing, prompting it to lower prices to undercut the competitor.