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In electrical engineering, ground or earth may be a reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a common return path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the Earth. Electrical circuits may be connected to ground for several reasons. Exposed conductive parts of electrical equipment are connected ...
The US National Electrical Code permitted the use of the supply neutral wire as the equipment enclosure connection to ground from 1947 to 1996 for ranges (including separate cooktops and ovens) and from 1953 to 1996 for clothes dryers, whether plug-in or permanently fixed, provided that the circuit originated in the main service panel. Normal ...
A ground connection that is missing or of inadequate capacity may not provide the protective functions as intended during a fault in the connected equipment. Extra connections between ground and circuit neutral may result in circulating current in the ground path, stray current introduced in the earth or in a structure, and stray voltage.
Electrical equipment may be designed with a floating ground for one of several reasons. One is safety. For example, a low-voltage DC power supply, such as a mobile phone charger, is connected to the mains through a transformer of one type or another, and there is no direct electrical connection between the current return path on the low-voltage side and physical ground (earth).
An isolated ground (IG) (or Functional Earth (FE) in European literature) is a ground connection to a local earth electrode from equipment where the main supply uses a different earthing arrangement, one of the common earthing arrangements used with domestic mains supplies.
A grounding transformer or earthing transformer is a type of auxiliary transformer used in three-phase electric power systems to provide a ground path to either an ungrounded wye or a delta-connected system. [1] [2] Grounding transformers are part of an earthing system of the network.
For a monopole antenna (a), the Earth acts as a ground plane to reflect radio waves directed downwards, making them seem to come from a virtual "image antenna" (b).In telecommunications, a ground plane is a flat or nearly flat horizontal conducting surface that serves as part of an antenna, to reflect the radio waves from the other antenna elements.
The neutral is connected to the center tap of the power company transformer of a split-phase system, or the center of the wye connection of a polyphase power system. United States electrical codes require that the neutral be connected to earth at the "service panel" only and at no other point within the building wiring system.