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α-Hemolysin from S.aureus. Pore-forming proteins (PFTs, also known as pore-forming toxins) are usually produced by bacteria, and include a number of protein exotoxins but may also be produced by other organisms such as apple snails that produce perivitellin-2 [1] [2] or earthworms, who produce lysenin.
Superantigens are produced by several bacteria. The best-characterized superantigens are those produced by the strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes that cause toxic shock syndrome. Superantigens bridge the MHC class II protein on antigen-presenting cells with the T-cell receptor on the surface of T cells with a particular ...
A leukocidin is a type of cytotoxin created by some types of bacteria (Staphylococcus).It is a type of pore-forming toxin.The model for pore formation is step-wise. First, the cytotoxin's "S" subunit recognizes specific protein-containing receptors, or an integrin on the host cell's surface.
Bacteria produce various adhesins including lipoteichoic acid, trimeric autotransporter adhesins and a wide variety of other surface proteins to attach to host tissue. Capsules, made of carbohydrate, form part of the outer structure of many bacterial cells including Neisseria meningitidis .
M protein is a virulence factor that can be produced by certain species of Streptococcus. [1] Viruses, parasites and bacteria are covered in protein and sugar molecules that help them gain entry into a host by counteracting the host's defenses. One such molecule is the M protein produced by certain streptococcal bacteria.
An S-layer (surface layer) is a cell surface protein layer found in many different bacteria and in some archaea, where it serves as the cell wall. All S-layers are made up of a two-dimensional array of proteins and have a crystalline appearance, the symmetry of which differs between species.
Today's Wordle Answer for #1274 on Saturday, December 14, 2024. Today's Wordle answer on Saturday, December 14, 2024, is DROOL. How'd you do? Next: Catch up on other Wordle answers from this week.
In gram-positive bacteria, a protein or polysaccharide surface layer serves as the specific adhesin. To effectively achieve adherence to host surfaces, many bacteria produce multiple adherence factors called adhesins. Bacterial adhesins provide species and tissue tropism. Adhesins are expressed by both pathogenic bacteria and saprophytic bacteria.