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When a tear in the outer, fibrous ring of an intervertebral disc allows the soft, central portion to bulge out beyond the damaged outer rings, the disc is said to be herniated. Disc herniation is frequently associated with age-related degeneration of the outer ring, known as the annulus fibrosus, but is normally triggered by trauma or straining ...
[28] [29] This inflammatory molecule, called tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), is released not only by the herniated or protruding disc, but also in cases of disc tear (annular tear), by facet joints, and in spinal stenosis. [24] [30] [31] [32] In addition to causing pain and inflammation, TNF may also contribute to disc degeneration. [33]
A disc protrusion may progress to a spinal disc herniation, a condition in which there is a tear in the anulus fibrosus. [2] The most common area to have a disc protrusion is in the Lumbar Spine, specifically L-5. [2] [3]
An intervertebral disc (British English), also spelled intervertebral disk (American English), lies between adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column.Each disc forms a fibrocartilaginous joint (a symphysis), to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, to act as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together, and to function as a shock absorber for the spine.
The MSU Classification for herniated discs uses the proximity of the disc to the facet joint when measuring the size of a herniated disc. [7] Using the MSU Classification, a grade of 1, 2 or 3 can be used to describe the size of a herniated disc with 1 being the least severe and 3 being the most severe.
This image shows the line-of-sight direction of the magnetic field on the sun's disc. A magnetic map, or "magnetogram," shows that the sun's magnetic field is concentrated within and around sunspots.
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