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Swedish Livonia, between Swedish Estonia and Courland (1600s) Livonia, [a] known in earlier records as Livland, [1] [b] is a historical region on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. It is named after the Livonians, who lived on the shores of present-day Latvia.
The Duchy of Livonia, [2] [a] also referred to as Polish Livonia or Livonia, [b] was a territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that existed from 1561 to 1621. It corresponds to the present-day areas of northern Latvia (Vidzeme and Latgale) and southern Estonia.
The Kingdom of Livonia [a] was a nominal state in what is now the territory of Estonia and Latvia. Russian tsar Ivan IV declared the establishment of the kingdom during the Livonian War of 1558–1583, but it never functioned properly as a polity. In 1570, the Danish duke Magnus was crowned in Moscow as the King of Livonia.
Livonian Coast (Livonian: Līvõd rānda; Latvian: Lībiešu krasts), also known as Livonia, is a culturally protected territory of Latvia that was historically inhabited by Livonian people. It is located in Northern Courland and encompasses twelve Livonian villages. The protected area is about 60 kilometers long.
Map of campaigns in Livonia, 1558–1560. Ivan IV regarded the Livonian Confederation's approach to the Polish–Lithuanian union for protection under the Treaty of Pozvol as casus belli. [24] In 1554 Livonia and Russia had signed a fifteen-year truce in which Livonia agreed not to enter into an alliance with Poland–Lithuania. [25]
Map of Riga and Reval Lieutenancies, 1783 Unofficial flag of Governorate of Livonia. Following the capitulation of Estonia and Livonia in 1710, Peter the Great, on 28 July 1713, created the Riga Governorate (Russian: Рижская губерния) which also included Smolensk uezd, Dorogobuzh uezd, Roslavl uezd and Vyazma uezd of Smolensk Governorate.
The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia [a] was a duchy in the Baltic region, then known as Livonia, that existed from 1561 to 1569 as a nominal vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and subsequently made part of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom from 1569 to 1726 [1] and incorporated into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1726. [2]
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, [b] formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania [c] and also referred to as Poland–Lithuania or the First Polish Republic, [d] [9] [10] was a federative real union [11] between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, existing from 1569 to 1795.