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"Curia and Cortes in León and Castile 1072-1295". Cambridge 1980. Procter, Evelyn."The Interpretation of Clause 3 in the Decrees of León," EHR 85 (1970; Merriman, Roger B. "The Cortes of the Spanish Kingdoms in the Later Middle Ages," AHR 16 (1911) Keane, John. "The Life and Death of Democracy". Simon & Schuster, London, 2009.
The already bad political and social climate created by the long-term left-right confrontation worsened, and many right-wing rebellions were started. Then, in 1936, the Army's failed coup degenerated into the Spanish Civil War, putting an end to the Second Republic.
Cortes (from the Latin term cohors [1] [2]) were political bodies of a parliamentary, consultative and deliberative character in traditional monarchies, or on their behalf; and the different social classes established in three Orders: the First Estate, which corresponded to the branch of the clergy; the Second Estate, which was the branch of ...
The first modern parliaments date back to the Middle Ages. In 1188, Alfonso IX, King of León (in current day Spain) convened the three states in the Cortes of León; UNESCO considers this the first example of modern parliamentarism in the history of Europe, with the presence of the common people through elected representatives.
Middle Ages c. AD 500 – 1500 A medieval stained glass panel from Canterbury Cathedral, c. 1175 – c. 1180, depicting the Parable of the Sower, a biblical narrative Including Early Middle Ages High Middle Ages Late Middle Ages Key events Fall of the Western Roman Empire Spread of Islam Treaty of Verdun East–West Schism Crusades Magna Carta Hundred Years' War Black Death Fall of ...
A Cortes would be called if the king wanted to introduce new taxes, change some fundamental laws, announce significant shifts in foreign policy (e.g. ratify treaties), or settle matters of royal succession, issues where the cooperation and assent of the towns were necessary.
Winning Spanish American independence also involved civil war. [58] [59] The creation of juntas in Spanish America, such as the Junta Suprema de Caracas on 19 April 1810, set the stage for the fighting that would afflict the region for the next decade and a half. Political fault lines appeared, and were often the causes of military conflict.
The Spanish Civil War (Spanish: guerra civil española) [note 2] was a military conflict fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republicans and the Nationalists. Republicans were loyal to the left -leaning Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic , and consisted of various socialist , communist , separatist , anarchist , and ...