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  2. Rearrangement reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rearrangement_reaction

    In organic chemistry, a rearrangement reaction is a broad class of organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule. [1] Often a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in the same molecule, hence these reactions are usually intramolecular.

  3. Markovnikov's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markovnikov's_rule

    Anti-Markovnikov rearrangement. This product distribution can be rationalized by assuming that loss of the hydroxy group in 1 gives the tertiary carbocation A, which rearranges to the seemingly less stable secondary carbocation B. Chlorine can approach this center from two faces leading to the observed mixture of isomers.

  4. Ring expansion and contraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_expansion_and_contraction

    The cationic rearrangement contraction proceeds through the loss of a leaving group and the migration of an endocyclic bond to the carbocation. Pinacol type rearrangements are often used for this type of contraction. [20] Like the expansion reaction this proceeds with an electron donating group aiding in the migration.

  5. Carbocation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbocation

    A carbocation is an ion with a positively charged carbon atom. ... the E1 reaction, and in rearrangement reactions such as the Whitmore 1,2 shift. The chemical ...

  6. Substitution reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_reaction

    Substitution reactions in organic chemistry are classified either as electrophilic or nucleophilic depending upon the reagent involved, whether a reactive intermediate involved in the reaction is a carbocation, a carbanion or a free radical, and whether the substrate is aliphatic or aromatic. Detailed understanding of a reaction type helps to ...

  7. Sigmatropic reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmatropic_reaction

    [11] [12] [13] This rearrangement is a useful carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction. An example of Claisen rearrangement is the [3,3] rearrangement of an allyl vinyl ether, which upon heating yields a γ,δ-unsaturated carbonyl. The formation of a carbonyl group makes this reaction, unlike other sigmatropic rearrangements, inherently irreversible.

  8. Woodward–Hoffmann rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodward–Hoffmann_rules

    Thermolysis converts 1 to (E,E) geometric isomer 2, but 3 to (E,Z) isomer 4.. The Woodward–Hoffmann rules (or the pericyclic selection rules) [1] are a set of rules devised by Robert Burns Woodward and Roald Hoffmann to rationalize or predict certain aspects of the stereochemistry and activation energy of pericyclic reactions, an important class of reactions in organic chemistry.

  9. 1,2-rearrangement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,2-rearrangement

    a carbocation by heterolysis in a nucleophilic rearrangement or anionotropic rearrangement; a carbanion in an electrophilic rearrangement or cationotropic rearrangement; a free radical by homolysis; a nitrene. The driving force for the actual migration of a substituent in step two of the rearrangement is the formation of a more stable intermediate.