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Simple computations in all individuals (i.e. fish) Various means of storing information (i.e. weights of fish and school barycenter) Local computations (i.e. swimming is composed of distinct components) Low communications between neighboring individuals (i.e. fish are to think local but also be socially aware)
The boids framework is often used in computer graphics, providing realistic-looking representations of flocks of birds and other creatures, such as schools of fish or herds of animals. It was for instance used in the 1998 video game Half-Life for the flying bird-like creatures seen at the end of the game on Xen , named "boid" in the game files.
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Using FISH for diagnostic purposes has found its purpose when immediate species identification is needed, specifically for the investigation of blood cultures for which FISH is a cheap and easy technique for preliminary rapid diagnosis. [30] FISH can also be used to compare the genomes of two biological species, to deduce evolutionary ...
Here the step size determines how far a random walker can go for a fixed number of iterations. The generation of Lévy step size is often tricky, and a comparison of three algorithms (including Mantegna's [ 5 ] ) was performed by Leccardi [ 6 ] who found an implementation of Chambers et al.'s approach [ 7 ] to be the most computationally ...
Nick translation [1] (or head translation), developed in 1977 by Peter Rigby and Paul Berg, is a tagging technique in molecular biology in which DNA polymerase I is used to replace some of the nucleotides of a DNA sequence with their labeled analogues, creating a tagged DNA sequence which can be used as a probe in fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) or blotting techniques.
Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is an evolutionary algorithm (EA) that optimizes a function by stochastically and iteratively improving candidate solutions with regard to a given measure of quality, or fitness function.
The application of MacCormack method to the above equation proceeds in two steps; a predictor step which is followed by a corrector step. Predictor step: In the predictor step, a "provisional" value of u {\displaystyle u} at time level n + 1 {\displaystyle n+1} (denoted by u i p {\displaystyle u_{i}^{p}} ) is estimated as follows