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[18] [19] The crisis provoked outrage in the European Union which began an investigation into Poland under Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union, describing the situation as threatening the rule-of-law. [20] [21] Protests both for and against the government of Poland occurred in Warsaw and other major Polish cities. [19]
The government of Poland made a similar move against the Czechoslovak government in Prague on September 30, 1938, when it took advantage of the Sudeten Crisis to demand Trans-Olza, annexed by Czechoslovakia 20 years earlier. On both occasions, Poland used the international crises to address long-standing border disputes. [3]
On June 4, 2023, a series of anti-government protests took place in several areas of Poland, with the main one being held in the capital city of Warsaw.The protests were sparked by the passing of the bill commonly referred to as "Lex Tusk", which critics argued would disrupt the constitutional separation of powers by giving the ruling party of PiS excessive judicial oversight.
The history of Poland from 1945 to 1989 spans the period of Marxist–Leninist regime in Poland after the end of World War II.These years, while featuring general industrialization, urbanization and many improvements in the standard of living, were marred by early Stalinist repressions, social unrest, political strife and severe economic difficulties.
The borders of Poland resembled the borders of the German-Russian gains in World War 2, with the exception of the city of Bialystok. This is called the Curzon line. The small area of Trans-Olza, which had been annexed by Poland in late 1938, was returned to Czechoslovakia on Stalin's orders. [citation needed]
The infamous border crisis, which saw thousands of migrants attempting to cross into Poland from Belarus only to be forced back, was previously tackled in Agnieszka Holland’s Venice-winning ...
The Jews of Poland Between Two World Wars (1989). Heller, C. S. On the Edge of Destruction. Jews of Poland Between the Two World Wars (1977) Hoffman, E. Shtetl. The Life and Death of a Small Town and the World of Polish Jews (1999). Landau, Z. and Tomaszewski, J. The Polish Economy in the Twentieth Century (Routledge, 1985) Olszewski, A. K.
The government's inability to forestall Poland's economic decline led to waves of strikes across the country in April, May and August 1988. In an attempt to take control of the situation, the contemporary government gave de facto recognition to the Solidarity union, and Interior Minister Czesław Kiszczak began talks with Solidarity's leader Lech Wałęsa on August 31.