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The topographic isolation of a summit is the minimum distance to a point of equal elevation, representing a radius of dominance in which the peak is the highest point. It can be calculated for small hills and islands as well as for major mountain peaks and can even be calculated for submarine summits.
The term gradient refers to the elevation of a stream relative to its base level. The steeper the gradient, the faster the stream flows. The steeper the gradient, the faster the stream flows. Sometimes geological uplift will increase the gradient of a stream even while the stream downcuts toward its base level, a process called " rejuvenation ."
A topographic profile or topographic cut or elevation profile is a representation of the relief of the terrain that is obtained by cutting transversely the lines of a topographic map. Each contour line can be defined as a closed line joining relief points at equal height above sea level. [ 1 ]
This can be calculated for a given peak in the following manner: for every path connecting the peak to higher terrain, find the lowest point on the path; the key col (or highest saddle, or linking col, or link) is defined as the highest of these points, along all connecting paths; the prominence is the difference between the elevation of the ...
Thalweg – Line of lowest elevation in a watercourse or valley; Towhead – Exposed landmass within a river; Shoal – Natural submerged sandbank that rises from a body of water to near the surface; Spring – A point at which water emenges from an aquifer to the surface; Strath – Large valley; Stream – Body of surface water flowing down a ...
When, and if, the saddle is navigable, even if only on foot, the saddle of a (optimal) pass between the two massifs, is the area generally found around the lowest route on which one could pass between the two summits, which includes that point which is a mathematically when graphed a relative high along one axis, and a relative low in the ...
Elevation differences due to dynamic topography are frequently on the order of a few hundred meters to a couple of kilometers. [2] Large scale surface features due to dynamic topography are mid-ocean ridges and oceanic trenches. [1] Other prominent examples include areas overlying mantle plumes such as the African superswell. [3]
Tectonic subsidence is the sinking of the Earth's crust on a large scale, relative to crustal-scale features or the geoid. [1] The movement of crustal plates and accommodation spaces produced by faulting [2] brought about subsidence on a large scale in a variety of environments, including passive margins, aulacogens, fore-arc basins, foreland basins, intercontinental basins and pull-apart basins.