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Mervyn Matthews criticized Marxism–Leninism for failing to solve poverty, noting that a large number of people in the Soviet Union were still in poverty despite its planned economy. [224] The principle in Marxism–Leninism of one-party state with unitary power and democratic centralism has been argued as leading to authoritarianism. [225]
Lenin was a devout Marxist, [423] and believed that his interpretation of Marxism, first termed "Leninism" by Martov in 1904, [424] was the sole authentic and orthodox one. [425]
European theatre of the Russian Civil War. Although he had read Carl von Clausewitz's On War, Lenin was inexperienced in military matters. [136] His views on civil war were based squarely on a Marxist understanding of class war, and he was particularly influenced by the example of the Paris Commune. [137]
To feed the populaces of town and country, Lenin instituted war communism (1918–1921) as a necessary condition—adequate supplies of food and weapons—for fighting the Russian Civil War. [18] In March 1921, the New Economic Policy (NEP, 1921–1929) allowed limited local capitalism (private commerce and internal free trade) and replaced ...
This Hallowed Ground: The Story of the Union Side of the Civil War. Doubleday. ISBN 1-85326-696-5. LCCN 56-5960. Coombe, Jack D., Gunfire Around the Gulf: The Last Major Naval Campaigns of the Civil War, Bantam Books, 1999, ISBN 0-553-10731-3; Craven, Avery, The Coming of the Civil War, University of Chicago Press, 1957, ISBN 0-226-11894-0
Bolo was a derogatory expression for Bolsheviks used by British service personnel in the North Russian Expeditionary Force which intervened against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. [35] Adolf Hitler , Joseph Goebbels , and other Nazi leaders used it in reference to the worldwide political movement coordinated by the Comintern .
In particular, he denounced German Marxist Karl Kautsky for supporting the German Social-Democratic Party. [94] Lenin was heavily involved in the socialist response to the conflict, attending the leftist anti-war Zimmerwald Conference in September 1915, and a second Kiental conference in April 1916, although neither were well attended. [95]
The New Economic Policy period (1921–1929) which marked the end of the civil war in Russia and new economic measures taken by the Bolshevik government, the toning down of the revolutionary wave in Europe and internal struggles within the Bolshevik Party and the Comintern after Lenin's death and before Stalin's absolute consolidation of power.