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Organic reactions can be organized into several basic types. Some reactions fit into more than one category. For example, some substitution reactions follow an addition-elimination pathway. This overview isn't intended to include every single organic reaction. Rather, it is intended to cover the basic reactions.
An example of a coupled reaction is the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to form the intermediate fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by the enzyme phosphofructokinase accompanied by the hydrolysis of ATP in the pathway of glycolysis. The resulting chemical reaction within the metabolic pathway is highly thermodynamically favorable and, as a ...
Response to stimuli: a response can take many forms, from the contraction of a unicellular organism to external chemicals, to complex reactions involving all the senses of multicellular organisms. A response is often expressed by motion; for example, the leaves of a plant turning toward the sun (phototropism), and chemotaxis.
The chemistry of the cell also depends upon the reactions of small molecules and ions. These can be inorganic (for example, water and metal ions) or organic (for example, the amino acids, which are used to synthesize proteins). [7] The mechanisms used by cells to harness energy from their environment via chemical reactions are known as metabolism.
Metabolism (/ m ə ˈ t æ b ə l ɪ z ə m /, from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.The three main functions of metabolism are: the conversion of the energy in food to energy available to run cellular processes; the conversion of food to building blocks of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates; and the ...
Biology and its subfields of biochemistry and molecular biology study biomolecules and their reactions. Most biomolecules are organic compounds, and just four elements—oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen—make up 96% of the human body's mass. But many other elements, such as the various biometals, are also present in small amounts.
Algar–Flynn–Oyamada reaction; Alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution; Alkyne trimerisation; Alkyne zipper reaction; Allan–Robinson reaction; Allylic rearrangement; Amadori rearrangement; Amine alkylation; Angeli–Rimini reaction; Andrussov oxidation; Appel reaction; Arbuzov reaction, Arbusow reaction; Arens–Van Dorp synthesis, Isler ...
[1] [2] These reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process. [3] Anabolism is the building-up aspect of metabolism , whereas catabolism is the breaking-down aspect. Anabolism is usually synonymous with biosynthesis .