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For example, the teardrop orbifold has Euler characteristic 1 + 1 / p , where p is a prime number corresponding to the cone angle 2 π / p . The concept of Euler characteristic of the reduced homology of a bounded finite poset is another generalization, important in combinatorics .
The non-orientable genus, demigenus, or Euler genus of a connected, non-orientable closed surface is a positive integer representing the number of cross-caps attached to a sphere. Alternatively, it can be defined for a closed surface in terms of the Euler characteristic χ, via the relationship χ = 2 − k , where k is the non-orientable genus.
(The appearance of in the summation is the usual Euler characteristic.) [1] [2] If the action is free, the sum has only a single term, and so this expression reduces to the topological Euler characteristic of divided by | |. [2]
In the mathematical field of Galois cohomology, the local Euler characteristic formula is a result due to John Tate that computes the Euler characteristic of the group cohomology of the absolute Galois group G K of a non-archimedean local field K.
Indeed, to obtain this formula, remove disjoint disc neighborhoods of the branch points from S and their preimages in S' so that the restriction of is a covering. Removing a disc from a surface lowers its Euler characteristic by 1 by the formula for connected sum, so we finish by the formula for a non-ramified covering.
Euler's identity therefore states that the limit, as n approaches infinity, of (+ /) is equal to −1. This limit is illustrated in the animation to the right. Euler's formula for a general angle. Euler's identity is a special case of Euler's formula, which states that for any real number x,
The formula is still valid if x is a complex number, and is also called Euler's formula in this more general case. [1] Euler's formula is ubiquitous in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and engineering. The physicist Richard Feynman called the equation "our jewel" and "the most remarkable formula in mathematics". [2] When x = π, Euler's formula ...
This can be seen intuitively in that the Euler class is a class whose degree depends on the dimension of the bundle (or manifold, if the tangent bundle): the Euler class is an element of () where is the dimension of the bundle, while the other classes have a fixed dimension (e.g., the first Stiefel-Whitney class is an element of ()).
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