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The Papanicolaou smear ("Pap" smear) is a widely used cancer screening test for cervical cancer. DNA-based tests to identify the virus are also available. [12] Herpesviruses are a third group of common cancer-causing viruses. Two types of herpesviruses have been associated with cancer: the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV ...
The vast majority of human and animal viruses do not cause cancer, probably because of longstanding co-evolution between the virus and its host. Oncoviruses have been important not only in epidemiology , but also in investigations of cell cycle control mechanisms such as the retinoblastoma protein .
A transmissible cancer is a cancer cell or cluster of cancer cells that can be transferred between individuals without the involvement of an infectious agent, such as an oncovirus. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The evolution of transmissible cancer has occurred naturally in other animal species, but human cancer transmission is rare. [ 2 ]
A virus that can cause cancer is called an oncovirus. These include human papillomavirus ( cervical carcinoma ), Epstein–Barr virus ( B-cell lymphoproliferative disease and nasopharyngeal carcinoma ), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus ( Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphomas ), hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses ( hepatocellular ...
The most common types of cancer differ, but the cancer burden seems at least as high in pets as in humans. Animals, typically rodents, are often used in cancer research and studies of natural cancers in larger animals may benefit research into human cancer. [267] Across wild animals, there is still limited data on cancer.
Cancer cells and virus-infected cells have similar alterations in their cell signalling pathways, particularly those that govern progression through the cell cycle. [84] A viral gene whose function is to alter a pathway is dispensable in cells where the pathway is defective, but not in cells where the pathway is active. [citation needed]
The dendritic cells process the dead cancer cells and present components of them to other cells of the immune system. [219] Having completed successful clinical trials, the virus gained approval for the treatment of melanoma in late 2015. [220] Viruses that have been reprogrammed to kill cancer cells are called oncolytic viruses. [221]
The antigens expressed by tumors have several sources; [134] some are derived from oncogenic viruses like human papillomavirus, which causes cancer of the cervix, [135] vulva, vagina, penis, anus, mouth, and throat, [136] while others are the organism's own proteins that occur at low levels in normal cells but reach high levels in tumor cells.