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According to estimates based on data from Soviet archives post-1991, there were around 1.6 million deaths during the whole period from 1929 to 1953. [25] The tentative historical consensus is that of the 18 million people who passed through the gulag system from 1930 to 1953, between 1.5 and 1.7 million died as a result of their incarceration. [22]
Stalin's "Great Purge" of 1937 is often considered a crime against humanity, with deaths of 700,000 [178] [179] to 1.2 million. [ 180 ] The war crimes which were perpetrated by the Soviet Union 's armed forces from 1919 to 1991 include acts which were committed by the Red Army (later called the Soviet Army ) as well as acts which were committed ...
The figure of 20 million is supported by the analysis of Rosefielde, total excess deaths in the Stalin era of 45.4 million. 23.4 million in the war(1939-45) and 22.0 million due to Soviet repression( 8.9 million 1927-38 and 13.1 million from 1939-49) Neimark and Conquest are in close agreement with Rosefielde.
Stalin also initiated a new military build-up; the Soviet army was expanded from 2.9 million soldiers, as it stood in 1949, to 5.8 million by 1953. [ 501 ] The U.S. began pushing its interests on every continent , acquiring air force bases in Africa and Asia and ensuring pro-U.S. regimes took power across Latin America. [ 502 ]
Despite the vast death toll in the early stages, Stalin chose to continue the Five Year Plan and collectivization. [20] [7] By 1934, the Soviet Union had established a base of heavy industry, at the cost of millions of lives. [21] [20]
[1] [2] Rummel calculated nearly 43 million deaths due to democide inside and outside the Soviet Union during Stalin's regime. [10] This is much higher than an often quoted figure in the popular press of 20 million, or a 2010s scholarly figure of 9 million. [ 12 ]
Official figures put the total number of documentable executions during the years 1937 and 1938 at 681,692, [172] [173] in addition to 116,000 deaths in the Gulag, [1] and 2,000 unofficially killed in non-article 58 shootings; [1] whereas the total estimate of deaths brought about by Soviet repression during the Great Purge ranges from 950,000 ...
1.5 - 2.3 million [19] Some historians and scholars consider that this famine amounted to genocide of the Kazakhs. [20] The Soviet authorities undertook a campaign of persecution against the nomads in the Kazakhs, believing that the destruction of the class was a worthy sacrifice for the collectivization of Kazakhstan.