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According to historian Stephen Wheatcroft, approximately 1 million of these deaths were "purposive" while the rest happened through neglect and irresponsibility. [2] The deaths of at least 5.5 to 6.5 million [14] persons in the Soviet famine of 1932–1933 are sometimes, though not always, included with the victims of the Stalin era. [2] [15]
Rosefielde estimated the actual military dead at 8.7 million men and 17.7 to 20.3 million civilians killed by the Nazis in the war (exterminated, shot, gassed burned 6.4 or 11.3 million; famine and disease 8.5 or 6.5 million; forced laborer in Germany 2.8 or 3.0 million and 500,000 who did not return to USSR after war.) [165]: 72 In addition to ...
Stalin's "Great Purge" of 1937 is often considered a crime against humanity, with deaths of 700,000 [178] [179] to 1.2 million. [ 180 ] The war crimes which were perpetrated by the Soviet Union 's armed forces from 1919 to 1991 include acts which were committed by the Red Army (later called the Soviet Army ) as well as acts which were committed ...
During World War II, 1.2 million African Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces and 708 were killed in action. 350,000 American women served in the Armed Forces during World War II and 16 were killed in action. [342] During World War II, 26,000 Japanese-Americans served in the Armed Forces and over 800 were killed in action. [343]
The figure of 20 million is supported by the analysis of Rosefielde, total excess deaths in the Stalin era of 45.4 million. 23.4 million in the war(1939-45) and 22.0 million due to Soviet repression( 8.9 million 1927-38 and 13.1 million from 1939-49) Neimark and Conquest are in close agreement with Rosefielde.
Official figures put the total number of documentable executions during the years 1937 and 1938 at 681,692, [172] [173] in addition to 116,000 deaths in the Gulag, [1] and 2,000 unofficially killed in non-article 58 shootings; [1] whereas the total estimate of deaths brought about by Soviet repression during the Great Purge ranges from 950,000 ...
The entry of the Soviet Union in the war against Japan along with the atomic bombings by the United States led to Japan's surrender, marking the end of World War II. The Soviet Union suffered the greatest number of casualties in the war, losing more than 20 million citizens, about a third of all World War II casualties.
The tentative historical consensus is that, of the 18 million people who passed through the gulag from 1930 to 1953, between 1.6 million [2] [3] and 1.76 million [98] perished as a result of their detention, [1] and about half of all deaths occurred between 1941 and 1943 following the German invasion.